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The Humintell Blog August 26, 2024

Research: Dogs Wag Their Tails To Make Us Happy

It’s amazing you can form such a strong bond with an animal who communicates with you exclusively non-verbally.

If you’re a dog owner, you know the joy of walking in through the door to be greeted by your pup excitedly wagging their tail.

But did you know that dogs are one of the few animals that use their tails primarily for communication?

Despite this fact, scientists still don’t understand exactly why dogs wag their tails. In a new paper published in the journal Biology Letters, researchers outline a few theories.

Most people equate tail wagging with a happy dog, but reality may be more complicated.

Take a look at more research out of the Canine Cognition Center here


There are many possible hypothesis for why dogs wag their tails and a couple of them are listed below.

1. Domestication Syndrome Hypothesis

This hypothesis relates to the human domestication of dogs, which began as early as 35,000 years ago.

Perhaps tail-wagging was a behavior that humans unintentionally selected for, because it was linked with other preferable traits, like tameness or friendliness toward people.

Tail-wagging may have simply been a byproduct of other specifically targeted characteristics.

2. Domesticated Rhythmic Wagging

This hypothesis suggests that humans consciously or unconsciously selected for tail-wagging during domestication, because they are drawn to rhythmic stimuli.


Tail Wagging 101

The new paper adds to the big-picture understanding of what scientists do and don’t know about tail-wagging.

The authors reviewed more than 100 studies about the behavior and summarized their findings: humans likely altered dogs’ tail wagging without realizing it.

According to the Washington Post, “the findings could flip the long-held belief that dogs are wagging their tails because they’re happy. Instead, Hersh and her colleagues suggest that dog tail-wags made people happy, so humans tended to select for that trait when welcoming dog ancestors into their lives and breeding the animal.”


Messages Conveyed by Tail-Wagging

Dogs also seem to wag their tails in different ways to convey different messages.

  • Wagging more to the right means a dog is curious and wants to approach
  • Wagging to the left is correlated with uncertainty
  • Low tail wagging—where dogs pin their tails down against their back legs—is also linked with insecurity and submission

Interestingly, a study found that dogs began wagging their tails more than wolves when they were as young as three weeks old. And another study found that dogs wag their tails faster and more often than other canines.


Domestication of Dogs

Scientists have found that dozens of dogs’ traits and behaviors changed during domestication, including the appearance of their fur, ears, body size — and even their ability to make “puppy-dog eyes.”

In fact, eyebrows give dogs a wider range of human-like facial expressions we can identify with and they play a vital role in how dogs became “man’s best friend.”

Evolutionary psychologists even believe that centuries of domestication “transformed the facial muscle anatomy of dogs specifically for facial communication with humans”.

The post Research: Dogs Wag Their Tails To Make Us Happy first appeared on Humintell.

Filed Under: Nonverbal Behavior, Science

The Humintell Blog August 6, 2024

Feeling angry? Write down your thoughts then throw them away

There are many ways to manage your emotions and researchers out of Nagoya Univeristy have discovered a simple, but effective, strategy to help with anger management.

Writing down your thoughts on the cause of your anger and then throwing that piece of paper away can be an effective way to neutralize your negative feelings.

The study entitled “After being insulted, writing down your feelings on paper then getting rid of it reduces anger” was published in Scientific Reports on Nature.

This important research builds on similar research on the association between the written word and anger reduction as well as studies showing how interactions with physical objects can control a person’s mood.

For example, after a bad breakup you may feel the desire to burn letters or destroy gifts from your ex.

Anger Study Methodology

For their anger project, lead researcher Nobuyuki Kawai and his graduate student Yuta Kanaya asked 50 participants to write brief opinions about important social problems, such as whether smoking in public should be outlawed.

Evaluators then deliberately scored the papers low on intelligence, interest, friendliness, logic, and rationality.

For good measure, evaluators added insulting comments such as: “I cannot believe an educated person would think like this. I hope this person learns something while at the university.”

After handing out these negative comments, the researchers asked the participants to write their thoughts on the feedback, focusing on what triggered their emotions.

One group was told to either roll up the paper with their thoughts and throw it in a bin or keep it in a file on their desk. A second group was told to shred the paper, or put it in a plastic box.

The students were then asked to rate their anger after the insult and after either disposing of or keeping the paper.

Anger Study Results

As expected, all participants reported a higher level of anger after receiving insulting comments.

However, the anger levels of the individuals who discarded their paper in the trash can or shredded it returned to their initial state after disposing of the paper.

Meanwhile, the participants who held on to a hard copy of the insult experienced only a small decrease in their overall anger.

Researchers concluded that “the meaning (interpretation) of disposal plays a critical role” in reducing anger.

The Japanese Tradition Hakidashira

This process is like a Japanese tradition called hakidashisara, in which people write their negative thoughts on a plate then destroy it.

Along with its practical benefits, this discovery may shed light on the origins of the Japanese cultural tradition known as hakidashisara (hakidashi sara refers to a dish or plate) at the Hiyoshi shrine in Kiyosu, just outside Nagoya.

Hakidashisara is an annual festival where people smash small discs representing things that make them angry.

The study’s findings may explain the feeling of relief that participants report after leaving the festival, the paper concluded.

Kawai imagines using his research to help businesspeople who find themselves in stressful situations.

“This technique could be applied in the moment by writing down the source of anger as if taking a memo and then throwing it away when one feels angry in a business situation,” he explained.

For another helpful guide to anger, read this past blog post from Humintell.

The post Feeling angry? Write down your thoughts then throw them away first appeared on Humintell.

Filed Under: culture, Science

The Humintell Blog June 13, 2024

The Link Between Childhood Trauma and Emotion Recognition

A recent study published in Scientific Reports studied the association between childhood trauma and emotion recognition.

Their results showed that childhood trauma alone was significantly associated with emotion recognition accuracy when exploring stimuli intensity, modality, and emotion.

Furthermore, when researchers controlled for psychopathy and alexithymia, childhood trauma was significant only when exploring the emotion portrayed.

The Importance of Emotion Recognition

IMPROVE YOUR EMOTION RECOGNITION ABILITY

Emotion recognition refers to the ability of humans to identify emotional states and is crucial in daily interactions and relationships. Expressing emotions forms the core of social interactions, facilitating appropriate responses in social situations.

Research has suggested that individuals who have better emotion recognition skills have better social adjustment, better school performance, and even better workplace success across a wide range of industries and job types.

Past research also suggests that experiences of childhood trauma such as neglect or abuse are one factor that has been associated with poorer emotion recognition skills. However, the breadth of these effects and their relationship with individual differences remain unclear.

What is Alexithymia?

According to Psychology Today, alexithymia, also known as emotional blindness, is a personality feature in which a person has difficulty experiencing, identifying, understanding, and expressing their emotions.

This can be influenced by several factors including genetics, past experiences, and certain medical conditions.

Current research suggests that about 50% of people with autism have alexithymia, compared to 10-13% of the general population. Men tend to experience alexithymia more than women.

Definition of Childhood Trauma

The researchers defined childhood trauma as exposure to actual or threatening behavior, serious injury, or sexual violence, and encompasses both neglect and abuse.

Childhood trauma has been associated with heightened emotional reactivity, low emotional awareness, and difficulties in regulating emotions. Childhood trauma is also associated with differences in recognizing others’ emotions; however, these are not uniform.

Studying Childhood Trauma and Emotion Recognition

In their study entitled “The association between childhood trauma and emotion recognition is reduced or eliminated when controlling for alexithymia and psychopathy traits”, Cooper, H., Jennings, B.J., Kumari, V. et al explored the effects of childhood trauma on emotion recognition ability.

122 participants over the age of 18 were recruited from an online site and an undergraduate course. Variables of individual differences were childhood trauma, psychopathy, and alexithymia.

Participants completed the following questionnaires:

  • 28-item childhood trauma questionnaire short-form (CTQ-SF), a widely used retrospective screening tool for childhood maltreatment in adults.
  • 29-item self-reported psychopathy scale short-form (SRP-SF), used to measure psychopathic traits
  • 20-item Toronto alexithymia questionnaire (TAS-20) that measures difficulty in identifying and describing emotions

Total scores from these questionnaires were standardized and used for analyses.

For emotional tasks, stimuli were selected from a database containing clips of actors expressing six of the seven basic emotions (happy, angry, sad, surprise, disgust, and fear) and a neutral condition across three modalities (audiovisual, face, and voice).

Emotional stimuli were presented at normal or strong intensity. A silent video of actors expressing a neutral or emotional expression was presented in the face modality.

Participants listened to an audio clip in the voice condition, while in the audiovisual condition, a clip with both video and audio was presented. They specified the emotion expressed in the clips.

The experiment was run online in four blocks

  1. Personality questionnaire
  2. TAS-20 and face task
  3. SRP-SF and voice task
  4. CTQ-SF and audiovisual task

The effect of childhood trauma alone on emotion recognition ability was examined using generalized mixed models and additionally controlled for psychopathy and alexithymia.

Study Results

In the model with childhood trauma and modality as fixed factors, there was a significant main effect of childhood trauma and modality. However, the effect size was small. The team found that higher childhood trauma was associated with poorer emotion recognition ability.

Accuracy was significantly better for audiovisual emotions than vocal and facial emotions. Interestingly, when controlling for psychopathy and alexithymia, childhood trauma was no longer significant.

The accuracy was significantly different between fear and neutral expressions; expressions of fear had significantly poorer accuracy. Notably, childhood trauma remained significant after controlling for psychopathy and alexithymia, with a significant main effect of emotion portrayed.

No significant interaction was observed between childhood trauma and the emotion portrayed, suggesting no variations in the effect of trauma across emotions.

Study Conclusion

The authors suggest in their paper that the relationship between childhood trauma and emotion recognition accuracy, when exploring intensity, may be significantly influenced by other related factors – in this case alexithymia.

This further enhances our understanding of the relationship between childhood trauma and emotion deficits.

In addition, childhood trauma alone had a significant association with emotion recognition ability when exploring modality, emotion portrayed, and intensity. More experience of childhood trauma was associated with poorer accuracy.

The authors emphasize in their conclusions that when controlling for alexithymia and psychopathy, childhood trauma only had a significant association with poorer accuracy when exploring emotion portrayed. This illustrates the importance of including and controlling for interrelated individual differences.

It may suggest that present theories involving childhood trauma and emotion deficits may need to account for factors such as higher levels of alexithymia and psychopathy traits in the groups being studied.

References

Cooper, H., Jennings, B.J., Kumari, V. et al. The association between childhood trauma and emotion recognition is reduced or eliminated when controlling for alexithymia and psychopathy traits. Sci Rep 14, 3413 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53421-5

The post The Link Between Childhood Trauma and Emotion Recognition first appeared on Humintell.

Filed Under: Emotion, Science

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